Records of the War Resisters League (DG 040), Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Records of War Resisters League, 1923-1994

Collection: DG 040

Contact Information
Swarthmore College Peace Collection
19500 College Avenue
Swarthmore, PA 19081-1399
U.S.A.
Telephone: 610-328-8557 (curator)
Fax: 610-19690-519728
Email: wchmiel@swarthmore.edu (curator)
URL: http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/

Descriptive Summary
Repository
Swarthmore College Peace Collection
Creator
War Resisters League, 1923-1994
Title
War Resisters League Records
Inclusive Dates
Dates ofrecords 1923-1994
Call Number
DG 040
Language of Materials
Materials in English
Extent
34.1 linear feet
Abstract
The War Resisters League is a pacifist organization whose members are against all war. Witnessing the establishment of the War Resisters' International in Europe in 1921, and sensing a need for a similar organization in the United States, Dr. Jessie Wallace Hughan, together with colleagues from the Women's Peace Society and the Women's Peace Union established the War Resisters League as an independent organization. The War Resisters League membership pledge, which has remained essentially unchanged since its inception, reads: "The War Resisters League affirms that war is a crime against humanity. We therefore are determined not to support any kind of war, international or civil, and to strive non-violently for the removal of all causes of war." The League seeks to end war and social injustice through pacifist and nonviolent tactics.

Administrative Information
Restrictions to Access
None
Usage Restrictions
None
Alternate Form of Material
Yes, Reels 20 & 21 (War Resisters League News 1967 & 1968)
Acquisitions Information
Gift of War Resisters League 1949, 1950, 1952, 1969, 1979, 1985, 1990, 1994-1999, 2001, 2004, 2005
Finding aid for later accessions (1995-)
Processing Information
Partial checklist prepared by Martha Shane, September 1983; updated by Anne Yoder, March 1995; updates on later accessions by Wendy Chmielewski, August 2007.
Preferred Citation
[Identification of item], in the War Resisters LeagueRecords (DG 040), Swarthmore College Peace Collection
Copyright Notice
Copyright is retained by the authors of items in these papers, or their descendents, as stipulated by United States copyright law

Online Catalog Headings
These and related materials may be found under the following headings in online library/archival catalogs.
See tripod record

Related Collections
Records of the War Resisters International
Records of the Committee for Nonviolent Action
Papers of Devere Allen
Papers of David McReynolds
Papers of A.J. Muste
Papers of Tracy Mygatt and Frances Witherspoon

Historical Background
Although the War Resisters League declares its official birthday year as 1923, its roots go back to 1915 when Jessie Wallace Hughan, Tracy D. Mygatt, and John Haynes Holmes founded the Anti-Enlistment League to solidify protest against U.S. participation in World War I. Witnessing the establishment of the War Resisters' International in Europe in 1921, and sensing a need for an organization where war resisters of all persuasions, regardless of gender or religious convictions, could join together, Dr. Hughan formed the Committee for Enrollment Against War under the auspices of the Fellowship of Reconciliation. In 1923, that committee together with the Women's Peace Society and the Women's Peace Union established the War Resisters League as an independent organization.

The War Resisters League membership pledge, which has remained essentially unchanged since its inception, reads: "The War Resisters League affirms that war is a crime against humanity. We therefore are determined not to support any kind of war, international or civil, and to strive non-violently for the removal of all causes of war."

During World War II, War Resisters League especially supported absolutist conscientious objectors who protested any form of military support, including alternative service. In 1948, it helped found the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors to further aid all COs. It has continually lent its resources to the causes of war tax protest, draft resistance, and civil rights.

War Resisters League encouraged civil disobedience against civil defense drills in the early 1960s by sponsoring the Civil Defense Protest Committee. It encouraged tax resistance as the Indochinese conflict escalated, and formed War Tax Resistance in 1969 to protest all taxes that benefited the military. In the 1970s, War Resisters League supported Campaign Freedom and the United Campaign for Peace in Indochina, both efforts to help improve conditions and free political prisoners in Vietnam. It helped focus nationwide attention on nuclear protest and civil liberties by organizing the Continental Walk for Disarmament and Social Justice in 1976.

War Resisters League is affiliated with War Resisters' International and the International Peace Bureau. Throughout its existence, it has worked closely with many other peace organizations, including the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the American Friends Service Committee, and the American Civil Liberties Union. In 1958, it helped start the Committee for Nonviolent Action (CNVA), which shared its headquarters and finally merged with War Resisters League in 1968.

The League has sought to promote pacifist and nonviolent tactics through various periodicals. In 1956, War Resisters League helped start Liberation, an independent monthly dealing with nuclear testing, civil rights, socialism, and nonviolent direct action. it was discontinued in 1977. WIN, a widely read peace periodical begun by the New York Workshop in Nonviolence, has received War Resisters League support. The League publishes its own bimonthly magazine, War Resisters League News. Its annual Peace Calendar reached annual sales of 20,000 in 1980.

War Resisters League is presently headquartered at 339 Lafayette Street in New York City with one regional office in Norwich, CT. There are or have been three branch offices, located in San Francisco, CA (War Resisters League-West), Austin, TX (War Resisters League South Central), and Chapel Hill, NC (War Resisters League Southeastern), with numerous local War Resisters League groups across the country.

A more complete history of War Resisters League, produced for its 1950th Anniversary, can by found in Series B, Subseries I, History.

Collection Overview
SCPC became the official repository for the War Resisters League in 1947. War Resisters League records in DG 40 included scattered minutes of the Executive Committee (1925- ), the National Committee (1974- ), and a small amount of scattered financial records. There is correspondence from 1926 forward. War Resisters League literature and releases (1931- ) include fund appeals, flyers, pamphlets, brochures, and memoranda. There are also annual Peace Calendars (1956- ). Numerous War Resisters League periodicals (1942- ), including War Resisters League News, can be found in the SCPC stacks. A list of these periodicals is available in Series B, Subseries III.

There are significant amounts of material documenting War Resisters League's work in publishing The Conscientious Objector, a newspaper produced from 1939 to 1946, the work of the Conscientious Objectors Problems Committee (1940-1946), preparation of the annual Peace Calendar, and the work of the Literature Committee (mostly 1960s) which created peace bibliographies. Records about War Resisters League's civilian defense protest project (1955-1963) and its efforts to help political prisoners in Vietnam following the Indochinese War, are significant parts of this collection.

The administrative files of Executive Secretaries Abe Kaufman, Roy Kepler, and Sidney Aberman span the years 1948 to 1953. Other administrative files are those of Executive Secretary Ralph DiGia (1955-1961), Field Secretary David McReynolds (1960-1977), Chairman Ed Gottlieb (1962-1967), staff member Wendy Schwartz (1970-1971), Special Project Secretary Grace Hedemann (1974-1978), and staff member Ed Hedemann.

War Resisters League correspondents include Sidney Aberman, Devere Allen, Allen H. Barr, R. Boland Brooks, H. Runham Brown, Julius Eichel, Harrop Freeman, Edward P. Gottlieb, Kenneth Greenawalt, George W. Hartmann, Alfred Hassler, Grace Hedemann, Ammon A. Hennacy, John Haynes Holmes, Jessie Wallace Hughan, Abraham Kaufman, Roy Kepler, Frieda Langer Lazarus, David McReynolds, Charles Macintosh, A.J. Muste, Tracy D. Mygatt, Frank Olmstead, Frances Rose Ransom, Bayard Rustin, Igal Roodenko, Winifred W. Schaum, Wendy Schwartz, Evan W. Thomas, Olivia Dunbar Torrence, Lydia G. Wentworth, and Frances Witherspoon.

Items removed:
Scrapbook: See Oversize Collection Photographs: See Photograph Collection (4x5, 5x7)
Buttons: See Button Collection
Bumperstickers: See Stamp Collection
Magazines/Newsletters: See Periodicals Collection

Arrangement of Collection
The War Resisters League records held by SCPC are divided into two series: 1) Series A (1923-1949) contains material processed in 1954. Similar records, such as minutes, correspondence, committee files, etc. were placed together, as found in the checklist; and 2) Series B (1948-1989) contains material processed in 1983 and 1995, as well as material that War Resisters League routinely mails to SCPC, its official depository. Most subseries are arranged similarly to those in Series A. The administrative files were left in the order in which they were received. Where a considerable amount of loose material was found, an imposed order was created.

Correspondence in Series A is sorted by individuals, groups, and subjects. In Series B, rather than being placed together, correspondence is left in original folders and is found mostly in the Administrative Files.

Two separate document groups were created from War Resisters League records received in the 1969 and 1979 accessions. One is DG 134, the papers of David McReynolds, Field Secretary for War Resisters League. While some of McReynolds' papers in DG 134 are of a personal nature, there is a significant amount of information pertaining to his work with War Resisters League There is a large file of McReynolds' material in DG 40 as well. The second document group created from the War Resisters League records, DG 135, contains the records of the Continental Walk for Disarmament and Social Justice whose principal sponsor was War Resisters League.

Unprocessed World Peace Brigade material mentioned in the 1981 SCPC Guide was moved to DG 1950 (A.J. Muste).

Archived web sites of the War Resisters League

These web sites were created by the national office of the War Resisters League. Beginning in 2001 the Wayback Machine of the Internet Archives (IA) cached War Resisters League's web site. Please check both URLs listed as there are some each may list different dates on which web sites were saved.

The links are provided here for the convenience of researchers interested in the history of War Resisters League's web presence. The Swarthmore College Peace Collection has no control over the web sites or how they are saved by IA.

Dates of web sites marked with an * indicate a change in that site from the last saved web site.

http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.warresisters.org/
http://wayback.archive-it.org/22March */http://www.warresisters.org/

Detailed Description of the Collection

SERIES A: 1923-1949
[see also Series B, Subseries VII for 1948-1949 Administrative files]

II. Minutes/Finance

Box 1 (cont.)
Executive Committee meetings, 1925-1937

Box 2
Executive Committee meetings, 1938-1949
Finances, 1929-1949

III. Releases/Literature/Mailings

Box 3
1925-1940

Box 4
1941-1949

Box 5
Undated
Articles
Literature lists
Book reviews

Box 6
The Conscientious Objector
Minutes, 1942-1943
Correspondence, 1942-1946
Cooperating groups

Box 7
The Conscientious Objector
Manuscripts
Promotion
Finance

Box 8
Form letters, 1943-1945
Cartoons and posters
Miscellaneous

IV. Events

Box 8 (cont.)

Annual conferences, 1930-1949
Annual dinners, 1937, 1940
Anniversary dinners, 1938, 1949-1949

VI. Correspondence

Box 11
With Individuals, 1929-1948
A-Bainton

Box 12
Baldwin-Cram

Box 13
D-F

Box 14
G-Hoffman

Box 15
Holmes-Land

Box 16
Lanthrop-Mygatt

Box 17
N-Paisley

Box 18
Palmer-S, 1947

Box 19
S, 1948-Van Cleve

Box 20
Verne-Z

Box 21
With groups
A-E

Box 22
F-M

Box 23
Na-NSBRO, 1941

Box 24
NSBRO, 1942-T

Box 25
U-Z & Misc.
By subject
Box 26
A-Z

Box 27
War Resisters' International

VII. Committees

Box 28
A-O, 1928-1948

Box 29
P-Z, 1928-1948
C.O. Problems Committee

Box 30
Minutes and reports, 1942-1946
Correspondence
C.O. and prison cases

Box 31
Prisons and C.P.S. camps
Briefs of appeal cases

Box 32
Clipsheets

Box 33
Isley and Price C.P.S. studies, 1942-1943

Box 34
Glendora Strikers Defense Committee, 1946

VIII. Projects/Field Work

Box 35
Projects (1931-1948)

Box 36
Field work (1936-1947)

Series B: 1950-1989

II. Meeting Minutes/Finance

Box 1 (cont.)
Executive Committee meetings, 1950-1976

Box 2
Executive Committee meetings, 1977-1988

Box 2a
National Committee meetings, 1973-February 1986
Steering Committee meetings, 1983-1984
Working Committee meetings, 1984-1988
Miscellaneous meetings
Finances, 1950-1951, 1955, 1966-1988

III. Releases/Literature/Mailings

Box 3
Releases, 1951-1973

Box 4
Releases, 1974-1983

Box 5
Releases, 1984-1989, undated
Memorandum, 1962-1969

Box 6
Memorandum, 1977-1985, undated
List of periodicals by War Resisters League [see also Releases], 1970s
ROTC dismantling kit, 1985
S.P.E.W. newsletter, 1988-1989
Mailings to key list, 1983-1989

Box 7
Peace calendars, 1956-1980

Box 7a
Peace calendars, 1981-1992

IV. Events

Box 8
Annual conferences
Annual dinners
Fiftieth anniversary, 1973

V. Branches

War Resisters League South Central (Austin, TX), 1972-1977
War Resisters League Southeast (Chapel Hill, NC), 1974-1984

Box 8a
War Resisters League Southeast, 1985-1988
War Resisters League West (San Francisco, CA)
Removal sheets
1965-1983

Box 8b
1984-1987
Finances
Correspondence of Mark Morris, 1967-1970
Amnesty for draft resisters
B-1 Bomber Project
Bay Area nonviolent groups
Berkeley radical community

Box 8c
"A Call to Resist" - Signatories of petition against the draft, 1968 [see also East Bay Committee for Draft Resistance] Coalition to Cut Military Spending
Conscientious objection
Downtown Peace Coalition
The draft
Draft boards
Draft counseling
Draft, National Coalition to Repeal the...
Draft Repeal Coalition
Draft resister Robert Wray
Draft, resolutions on the...
East Bay Committee for Draft Resistance
Economic Action for Peace
Feminism & Nonviolence Program of War Resisters League-West
Fest for Truth and Love, 1973
Fresno Shanti Center

Box 8d
Honeywell campaign
Indo-China Peace Campaign
Institute Mountain West
Monterey Peace Center
New England Committee for Nonviolent
Direct Action
Nine for Peace
Northern CA Mid-East Peace Coalition
The NOSE, Monterey Co. WTR
The Peace Brigade
Peacebuilders, 1969-1971
Pentagon Papers Project
Peoples Blockade
Poor Peoples Campaign, Bay Area, 1967-1968
Port Chicago Vivil, 1968
Quaker Action Group, 1968-1971

Box 8e
Radical Education Project, 1968-1970
Resist, 1968-1969
Sacramento Peace Center, 1971-1976
San Francisco Resistance, 1967-1970
Selective Service, 1967-1970
Syracuse Peace Council
U.C. Nuclear Lab Weapons Conversion Project
Vietnam, 1969-1976
Vietnam Era Veteran National Resource Project, 1974
Vietnam Veterans Movement, 1974
Vietnam Veteran Bonus March, 1974

Box 8f
Civil Defense
Provisional Defense Committee, 1955-1958
Civil Defense Protest Committee
Meetings, 1960-1961
Releases
Correspondence
Court appeals

Box 9
Briefs
Statements/Lists/Notes
Newsclippings
Student Institute on Non-Violence and Social Change,1960
Scott Herrick/Montcivitano Project , 1978-1979

VII. Administrative Files

Box 10
1. Abe Kaufman, Roy Kepler, Sidney Aberman, Executive Secretaries (1948-1953)
New York Branch War Resisters League Executive Committee Meetings
Correspondence: G. Hartmann, R. Kepler, C. Mackintosh, Foreign
Projects: demonstrations, Hydrogen Bomb Protest,
Hiroshima Day, Korea leaflet
The Peacemakers
Rosika Schwimmer reference material
World government and citizenship
World pacifist meeting, 1949

Box 11
World pacifist meeting, 1949 (cont.)
Overseas Correspondence: Australia, Denmark, Holland, Italy, Israel
Conscientious objection hearings/briefs/cases/statements

Box 12
Organizations: Fellowship of Reconciliation, American Civil Liberties Union, Washington Pacifist Fellowship, National Peace Conference, Friends Committee on National Legislation
Putnam Co. News: Communist charge
Peace News: American supplement proposal
Literature from other organizations
Correspondence re: Bayard Rustin as Executive Secretary, 1953 [Acc. 98A-001]
2. Ralph DiGia, Executive Secretary, 1955-1961
Liberation formation proposal, 1955
Amnesty Demonstration Committee, 1955
Seymour Eichel defense, 1956
Liberation Editorial Board meetings, 1957-1960
American Forum
Committee for Nonviolent Action

Box 13
Anti-nuclear picketing, 1957
Pacific Project, 1958
Walk for Peace, 1958
Omaha Action, 1959
Act for Peace, 1959
Hiroshima Walk, 1960
Election protest,1960
Easter Walk (CNVA), 1961
Cuban protest, 1961

Box 14
3. Ed Gottlieb, Chairman, 1960-1967
Correspondence, 1962-1967
4. David McReynolds, Field Secretary, 1960-1977
Speaking tour correspondence, 1960
Civil Defense Protest Committee, 1961
Pacific Nonviolent Action, 1961
Assoc. for Commitment to World Responsibility,1962
George Rockwell (American Nazi leader) case

Box 15
Peace calendars preparation/correspondence, 1962-1966

Box 16
Peace calendars preparation/correspondence, 1966-1967

Box 17
Literature list produced by Literature Committee, 1961-1968
Bayard Rustin correspondence/writings/information, 1963
Speaking tour correspondence, 1963

Box 18
Memo on possible War Resisters League-CNVA merger, 1964
Vietnam protest: releases/reference/A.J. Muste correspondence, 1964
War Resisters League and Canada, 1964

Box 19
Multilateral Nuclear Force: reference/clippings, 1964
Cuba, 1964
McReynolds'article on civil rights, 1964
Turn Toward Peace Meetings, 1963-1965
Statement on War Resisters League principles
Writers and artists protest re: Adlai Stevenson resignation, 1965
Speaking tour correspondence, 1965
War Resisters League Conference, November 13, 1965
Periodicals/clippings, 1965
Memo to Executive Committee re: the future of the War Resisters League [1966?]
Geneva Park Conference, Ontario, January 23-27, 1966
July 4th demonstration, 1966
Vietnam International Conference, 1966
Student Pacifist Conference, May 7-, 1966
McReynolds-Muste correspondence re: Johnson impeachment, October 1966
Impeachment of President Lyndon Johnson, April 1967

Box 20
War Resisters League Advertising, 1967
Canada, 1967
Southern Student Organizing Committee, 1967
University Christian Movement, 1967
Student Mobilization Committee, 1967
Draft correspondence; reference materials, 1967
G.I. answers to McReynolds' open letter, 1967
National Lawyers Guild
Hiroshima Day march to Montreal, 1967
British Pacifists Arrest Petition, 1967

Box 21
Draft correspondence: J. Kearns, 1967
Tsurumi visit, 1967
FOR forms, 1967
Czechoslovakia newspapers, 1968
International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace, 1970-1975
War Resisters International, 1970s
War Resisters League tape program [circa 1970]
Draft Action, 1970-1971
WRI correspondence re: London internship,
1970-1971
People's Coalition for Peace and Justice [ca. 1971]
WRI, 1972-1978
National Caucus of Labor Committees [ca.1972]
Election statement (presidential and congressional), 1972
War Resisters League elections, 1972
War Resisters League training program, 1972

Box 22
War Resisters League air war packet [circa 1972]
Correspondence with FOR and International
Confederation for Disarmament and Peace,1973
1950th Anniversary Committee, 1973
FOR, 1973. 1975
National Action Group, 1973-1977
Committee for International Nonviolence,1973-1974
Chile, 1974
Task Force on Domestic Crisis, 1974
Meetings with Vietnam draft resisters, 1974
Coalition on Economic Crisis, 1974

Box 23
American Friends Service Committee [ca. 1975]
WIN Editorial Board, 1975-1976
Japanese material, 1976
International Peace Bureau, 1977
Mobilization for Survival, 1977
Miscellaneous
Draft of McReynolds' speech "How to hold a meeting," undated
From other organizations
5. Wendy Schwartz, Staff Member, 1970-1971
Cuba Project: Children's art exchange with Cuba, 1970-1971
Cuba Project scrapbook/photo/newsclippings

Box 24
6. Grace Hedemann, Special Projects Secretary, 1974-1978
Correspondence re: Campaign Freedom, 1974-1975
General correspondence, 1974-1977
War Resisters League Anti-Corporate Project [circa 1975]
The War Is Over celebration, May 11, 1975
Indochina Peace Campaign, 1972-1973
War Resisters League leaflets on Vietnam and Cambodia from
Campaign Freedom and Honor the Peace
Revised packet about prisoners in South Vietnam, 1975

Box 25
United Campaign for Peace in Indochina,1974-1975
Friendshipment, 1975-1977
Coalition for a New Foreign & Military Policy, 1976-1977
Indochina Solidarity Committee [circa 1975]
Indochina Program, AFSC, 1975
Indochina Packet, AFSC, 1973
Friends Committee on National Legislation,1974-1975
Reference material re: Indochina
Mail from International Committee to Free S. Vietnamese Political Prisoners from Detention, Torture & Death

Box 26
Political prisoners in S. Vietnam - Indochina Mobile Education Project, 1974
Political prisoners in S. Vietnam F.O.R. "For the Victims,"1974
Correspondence and statements re: political prisoners in S. Vietnam
Composite list of political prisoners in S.Vietnam
Buddhist Peace Delegation, 1974

Box 27
Leaflets: Indochina [circa 1974]
Newspaper reprints/articles on Indochina, 1973-1975
Indochina literature
Information from Vietnamese organizations,1973-1975
Opinion articles on Indochina , 1972-1975

Box 28
Additional reference material on Indochina
Reference material:
Native Americans, 1973-1978
Center for National Security Studies, Project on Intelligence and Covert Actions, 1974

Box 28a
General Correspondence, 1981-1983
Indian Point (NY) nuclear power plant, 1981
Veteran/Peace movement reconciliation, 1984-1985
7. Ed Hedemann, 1974-1986
Correspondence

VIII. Local Organizing Efforts

Box 29
Organizing correspondence, 1976-1985
Local organizing packets, 1980s
Locals mailings, 1981-1983
Local organizing materials development, 1984
Local organizing questionnaire, 1984

Box 30
Responses to War Resisters League survey, 1977
Local Groups:
Albuquerque, NM/Southwest region
Ann Arbor, MI
Arcata, CA/Northcoast region
Atlanta, GA
Baltimore, MD

Box 31
Birmingham, AL
Boston, MA
Boulder, CO
Central FL
Chicago, IL
Columbia, MO
Dallas, TX
Detroit, MI
Evansville, IN
Ft. Wayne, IN/Citizens for Peace and Social Action
Green Mountain, VT
Hyde Park, VT/Lamoille Peace Coalition
Isla Vista, CA/Thomas Merton Unity Center

Box 32
LaCrosse area
Los Angeles, CA
Madison, WI
Milwaukee, WI/Center for Peace and Education
Monmouth County, NJ
Morgantown, WV
New York, NY
Norwich, CT/Northeast region
Oak Park, IL
Plains States/Midwest region

Box 33
Pocatello, ID
Red River Alliance/Peace Network
Redwoods, CA
San Bernardino, CA/Inland Empire
San Francisco, CA/Oakland, CA
Seattle, WA
St. Louis, MO
Staten Island, NY
Washington, DC
Westchester, NY

IX. FBI Files on War Resisters League, 1939-1976

Box 34
Air Force Office of Special Investigations
Army Intelligence & Security Command
Defense Investigative Service
Department of Justice
Immigration & Naturalization Service
Internal Revenue Service
Naval Investigative Service
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Post Office Department
State Department
FBI investigation of "The Continental Walk for Disarmament & Social Justice"
Research findings of Susan Dion and Maris Cakars re: FBI investigation
FBI-NYC branch
FBI-War Resisters League correspondence
FBI Records of War Resisters League, 1939-1976
Section #1, 1939-May 1941

Box 35
Section #1 cont., July 1941-March 1942
Section #2, April 1942-August 1942
Section #2 cont., August 1942-February1943
Section #3, March 1943-January 1944
Section #4, August 1944-July 1950
Section #5, July 1950-May 1953
Section #6, April 1953-January 1962
Section #7, January 1962-March 1965

Box 36
Section #7 cont., April 1965-May 1965
Section #8, June 1965-August 1965
Section #8 cont., September 1965-October 1965
Section #9, January 1965-February 1966
Section #9 cont., February 1966-April 1966
Section #10, April 1966-July 1966
Section #10 cont., July 1966-January 1967
Section #11, February1968-February1968

Box 37
Section #12, January 1969-February1970
Section #13, February1970-August 1971
Section #14, September 1971-January 1971
Section #14 cont., February 1971-February 1972
Section #15, February 1972-June 1972
Section #16, June 1972-March 1973
Section #17, March 1973-October 1976
Section #18, August 1973-March 1976