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		Single early dose of ethanol causes acute morphological defects in the chick embryo: A study of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome   Jessica Zagory Swarthmore College , 2004 Swarthmore, PA Dave Lawrence and Kate Yoder Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster, PA
		Introduction
		Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is caused by exposure of the developing embryo to alcohol, one of several teratogenic agents which adversely affect the developing embryo. FAS is one of the most common birth defects in the Western world, specifically characterized by growth and mental retardation, craniofacial malformations, and heart and neural defects (Gilbert, 1997; Cartwright and Smith, 1995; Smith, 1997; Sulik et al., 1988). Ethanol exposure is estimated to severely affect 1 in 1000 human births and to have lesser or associated effects in 3-4 in 1000 human births (Sulik et al., 1988). It has been demonstrated that the effects of FAS in mouse and chick models are comparable to those in humans, and these organisms serve as valuable mechanistic models to examine the effects of teratogents such as alcohol on tissue development (Cartwright and Smith, 1995 and Sulik et al., 1988). Studies using non-human models, such as the chick, can be used to help promote the understanding and future treatment of this preventable condition.