#4 "A C.O. Send-Off. The lucky ones are - Wortsmann, Lunde & Blair, October 20, 1919"

Roger Nash Baldwin (1884-1991)
Papers, 1885-1991 (MC005)
14.25 linear feet
Baldwin was a prominent civil libertarian and the Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union from 1920-1950. He was called up for military service in 1918, but as a C.O. refused to go. His arrest, trial and conviction made headlines; he was in prison for a year. Baldwin adopted two boys who had come to the attention of the Juvenile Court, Oral James and Otto Stolz. James followed his adoptive father to prison as a C.O. during World War I, while Stolz served in the army in France. Baldwin's papers include correspondence, writings and subject files, as well as personal and other photographs (including 1919 prison photos of C.O. Julius Gruenberg).
Contact: Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

David W. Basinger (1896-1987)
Papers, 1918, in World War I Conscientious Objectors -- Private Papers Collection (II-MS-26)
1 folder
Basinger was an unmarried Mennonite farmer who was inducted into the army on April 30, 1918. In spite of refusing military service or to wear a uniform, he was discharged from Camp Sherman (OH) in Dec. 1918. His papers include furlough and discharge papers, several photographs (probably of Camp Sherman), and a notebook dated May 31, 1918, with lists of C.O.s that include names, where the men were from, and occasional personal information about them.
Contact: Menno Simons Historical Library and Archives, Eastern Mennonite University

#5 Postcard "Discharged! Break him?! Hell!! He's not even bent!!"

Paul Blanshard
Papers, 1912-1979 (851649 Aa/2)
30.3 linear feet
Blanshard was an author and a social and religious commentator. See box five of his papers for his statement before the Senate Subcommittee on Armed Services concerning conscientious objection and the draft, March 12, 1963.
Contact: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

Albert Bofman (?-1977)
Papers, 1943-1948 (CDGA)
0.5 linear inches
Albert Bofman was imprisoned (1943-1945) for his opposition to war and militarism. He became interested in social reform, particularly in the plight of prisoners. In 1950 he formed the U.S. Committee Against Militarism. His papers contain copies of his letters written May 1943 - Jan. 1945 while in prison, and his mss. "Maladministration and Human Relations in a Federal Prison: A Report based on the Federal Prison Sandstone, Minnesota, 1943-1945" (Nov. 1948).
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Daniel I. Bolef
Papers
Bolef was an advisory physicist at Westinghouse Research Laboratories from 1953 to 1963, and joined Washington University in 1963 as Professor of Physics. His papers (in Series VII) include material about Selective Service, draft resistance and draft counseling, as well as his correspondence and notes on draft cases. Some of the files are restricted.
Contact: Washington University Libraries, Dept. of Special Collections

Aldine Brenneman (1894-1985)
Papers, 1917-1918, in World War I Conscientious Objectors -- Private Papers Collection (II-MS-26)
1 folder
Brenneman was a Mennonite C.O. at Camp Lee (VA) who refused to drill or to do work for the military. His papers consist of a photocopy of his Sept. 1917 - Feb. 1918 diary.
Contact: Menno Simons Historical Library and Archives, Eastern Mennonite University

Fred Briehl (1892-1974)
Papers, 1911-1974 (3474)
8 cubic feet
Briehl was a Socialist C.O. in WWI who spent two years in prison for his stance. His papers contain correspondence with friends and family members (1911-1947); diaries (1917-1920) written primarily when Briehl was in prison for refusing to serve in the armed forces during World War I; correspondence with various politicians and the media concerning current affairs (1917-1970); legal documents pertaining to lawsuits, property and patents (1942-1961), and the 1955 House Un-American Activities Committee investigation of summer camps; tape recordings of interviews and events (1962-1978); videotapes of home movies taken by Briehl, a clip from "Native Land," a 1942 documentary on civil rights in which Briehl acted, and a documentary film, "Fred Briehl" by Charles Gershwin and Michael Mitchell, containing clips from his home movies and interviews during 1970-1971; student notebooks and papers (1914-1920); scrapbooks and newsclippings (1915-1974); correspondence, broadsides, handouts and speeches relating to activities in the Communist Party and the Dairyman's League, the Farmer's Union, and the Farmer's Emergency Committee; records from Briehl's dairy farm (1927-1944); issues of The Farm Front, published by the New York Farm Commission of the Communist Party, (1943-1959) and edited by or with Briehl; and, pamphlets and miscellaneous publications concerning communism, socialism, agriculture, pacifism, and radical causes.
Contact: Cornell University Library, Rare & Manuscript Collections

Nicholas Broughton (1916- )
Papers, 1940-1947
1 mss. box
Broughton was a C.O. who served at CPS Camp #76 (Glendora, CA) from 1942 to 1946. His papers include memoirs and printed matter relating to conscientious objection in the United States during WII.
Contact: Hoover Institution Library and Archives, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University

Harry A. Brunk (1898-1990)
Papers, 1763-1986 (I-MS-13)
10 linear feet
Brunk was an author, historian and professor. His papers includes a manuscript of brief retrospectives of experiences of CPS men and women from Zion-Trissels Mennonite Church (Harrisonburg?, VA) in 1941-1946.
Contact: Virginia Mennonite Conference

Naomi Shank Brunk (1912- )
Papers, ca. 1934-1952 (I-MS-48)
2 linear feet
Brunk's scrapbook, entitled "Memories of my days spent at the Civilian Public Service Camp #20, Wells Tannery [Sideling Hill], PA," contains correspondence, photographs and postcards that document her role as the camp's dietician and the work and activities of the camp. The photographs include portraits of the camp buildings as well as the personnel and men who were in service there. Her other scrapbook, kept ca. 1944-1945 while she was dietician at the La Plata Unit in Puerto Rico, includes photographs of CPS men, the Mennonite General Hospital, Puerto Rican scenery and people, as well as farewell verses, letters and photographs given to Brunk when she had completed her assignment in 1945.
Contact: Virginia Mennonite Conference

#6 Group of Dunkard C.O.s in WWI

Chester Bruvald
Papers, 1935-1982
8.5 cubic feet
The collection consists of the correspondence, printed materials, and legal case files of a Minneapolis (MN) lawyer and pacifist. Bruvald became active in the peace movement while a law student at the University of Minnesota in the late 1930s. In 1940, he registered as a C.O. and received an agricultural deferment which lasted until sometime in June 1945, when he lost the deferment and then spent the next 14 months in a conservation camp. After Bruvald passed the state bar exam in 1947 he began a law practice that defended many C.O.s and anti-war protestors. He was also concerned with the cooperative movement and worked with a number of housing, credit union, food, farming, and health care cooperatives. His papers consist largely of files documenting Bruvald's casework in these two broad areas as well as his early association with pacifist organizations and the Minneapolis No-Conscription Campaign. There are case files (1948-1975) of many C.O.s, many of them argued before the Minnesota Supreme Court, the Eighth District Court of Appeals, and the U.S. Supreme Court which heard the landmark case of Gutknecht v. United States. Some of this material is restricted.
Contact: Minnesota Historical Society

John Butler
Papers, 1862-1885 (MS. 559)
0.4 linear feet
Butler was a Quaker from Salem (OH). His correspondence, journals and diaries relate to his activities as a delegate from the Ohio Yearly Meeting of Orthodox Friends, and include material on exemption of Quakers from military service during the Civil War and their opposition to war.
Contact: Western Reserve Historical Society Archives/Library

Camp Waldport
Records, 1943-1945 (Bx 034)
4.5 liner feet
This Civilian Public Service camp (#56) was one of three alternative service camps for conscientious objectors in Oregon during World War II. It was established in 1942 and administered by the Civilian Public Service of the Mennonite Church. The camp's main work was in reforestation of Blodgett Peak Burn, a forest that had been heavily logged during World War I and had suffered devastating wildfires thereafter. The work was often dangerous; five men died during the three years the camp was in operation. Camp Waldport was also the home of the Fine Arts Group, made up of CPSers who were writers, painters and others involved with the arts. The collection includes records and publications of the Untide Press, a camp project that published writings by poet William Everson and others, issues of the camp newsletter ("The Tide"), correspondence, and miscellaneous material.
Contact: University of Oregon Libraries

Philip Caplovitz
Papers, 1919-1920 (CDGA)
Caplovitz was a Russian emigree who became a conscientious objector during WWI. His papers include records of his court-martial trial/s and his dishonorable discharge from the U.S. Army, as well as photographs.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

#7 Amnesty Demonstration, May 11, 1946

Center on Conscience and War
Records, 1940- (DG 025)
648 linear feet
Formed in 1940 as the National Service Board for Religious Objectors (NSBRO); changed its name to National Interreligious Service Board for Conscientious Objectors (NISBCO) in 1970, and to The Center on Conscience & War (CCW) in Dec. 1999; works to defend and extend the rights of C.O.s; founded by the historic peace churches (the Society of Friends (Quakers), Brethren and Mennonites) to provide a unified approach to the federal government in matters concerning conscientious objection and alternative services; headquartered in Washington (DC). The collection includes meeting minutes of the Board of Directors and Consultative Council (1943-1969), correspondence (1940-1973), memoranda, literature and releases, financial records, statistics, subject files, newspaper clippings, photographs, and motion pictures. In addition to the administrative records of the Washington office, the 1940-1947 records include correspondence, reports, and publications of 151 Civilian Pubic Service camps, together with case files of men assigned to CPS camps and of the men who were reclassified or imprisoned. Additional case files covering the period 1949 to 1973 contain information about men who performed alternative service (1-W classification) and about men who sought help with problems relating to military service and/or classification. All case files are restricted.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Center on Conscience and War
Records, 1978-
5 linear feet
The Center was founded in 1981 as a component of Pax Christi USA to deal with questions related to conscription, conscientious objection and alternative service [not to be confused with the group listed above]. The collection includes administrative records and correspondence, as well as the papers of co-founder Gordon Zahn.
Contact: University of Notre Dame Archives

Central Committee for Conscientious Objection
Records, 1948- (DG 073)
130.75 linear feet
The CCCO was founded in 1948 following passage of the Selective Service Act. Called the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors until 1969 and then named the CCCO / An Agency for Military and Draft Counseling, it developed a nationwide network of military and draft counselors and attorneys. Most active during the Korean and Vietnam wars, the CCCO today promotes such issues as amnesty, repatriation, and counter-recruitment, and is involved in such efforts as GI counseling, peace community building, and intensive third world outreach. It took on its historic name of Central Committee for Conscientious Objection again in 2000 (circa). Its records include administrative files, publications/releases, staff files, individual case files, and subject files, as well as photographs and audiovisuals. The bulk of the CCCO records are draft and military counselors' case files and legal files. Correspondents include Douglas Farnsworth, James Feldman, E. Curry First, Steve Gulick, Jon Landau, Robert K. Musil, Robert A. Seeley, Arlo Tatum, George Willoughby, Irene Wren, and Eric E. Wright. This collection has some restrictions.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

William Henry Chamberlin (1897-1969)
Papers, 1912-1930, 1940-1969
7 linear feet [includes 40 diaries on microfilm]
Chamberlin was an author, journalist, conservative intellectual, as well as a C.O.. His papers contain writings about conscientious objection, his time at Haverford College, and other subjects (includes his "Confessions of an Individualist"), as well as a dissertation on Chamberlain by Debra Mulligan (1997).
Contact: Providence College, Phillips Memorial Library Archives

Civilian Public Service: Personal Papers and Collected Materials
Records, 1940- (DG 056)
14 linear feet
Civilian Public Service (CPS) was set up to provide alternative service for C.O.s during WWII. This unique church-state partnership established a program in which over 12,000 men performed "work of national importance" primarily in camps administered by the historic peace churches (the Brethren, Friends, and Mennonites). The papers in this document group have been collected from numerous men and women who were connected to Civilian Public Service and those who have studied the subject. It contains correspondence, biographical information, writings, interviews, recollections, and other items documenting life under the CPS system. Members of CPS, their heirs, and various scholars have all contributed to this collection of material. It is an open collection in the sense that new material continues to be added as donors request that the Peace Collection archive their files. In addition, this collection includes material gathered on various CPS camps and projects [most significantly, the records of CPS camp #46 in Big Flats (NY)]. The collection is organized into three series. Series I contains material that documents the experience of individuals connected to CPS, primarily authored during the CPS years. It is not in alphabetical order by name, but in the order in which it was received by the Peace Collection. Series II contains material about specific CPS camps and projects, collected from various sources. The items in this series may duplicate what is in other C.O. or CPS collections in the Peace Collection. Series III contains documents about CPS reunions, questionnaires from those investigating CPS, and memoirs, often written long after the years spent in CPS. Correspondents include Howard W. and Mary Alice Alexander, Purnell H. Benson, Franklin H. Briggs, Samuel Cooper, Rex M. Corfman, Henry W. Dyer, William M. Fuson, Harold S. Guetzkow, Channing B. Richardson, Russel I. Smith, Richard S Sterne, Eugene S. and Louise Wilson, Harold P. Winchester, and Curtis Zahn. Parts of this collection have restrictions.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Civilian Public Service Union
Records, 1944-1946 (DG 008)
3.5 linear feet
The Civilian Public Service Union was organized at the beginning of 1944 in the CPS camp at Big Flats (NY). Men at other camps and units quickly joined the group. CPSU, a union for "drafted workers conscientiously opposed to war," was formed to provide an organized means of communication and group action among men in all sections of CPS and to combat the waste and injustice of the CPS system itself. Ralph C. Rudd served as chairman from late 1944 until the CPSU was disbanded in early 1946. This collection contains a proposed constitution, scattered meeting minutes, correspondence (1943-1945), CPSU Newsletter, statements, releases, financial records, membership and contact lists, and research data on use of manpower in CPS. Also in the collection are the records of local units in various CPS camps, including #46 (Big Flats, NY), #52 (Powellsville, MD), #81 (Middletown, CT), #94 (Trenton, ND), #130 Pownal, ME), #135 (Germfask, NC), and #140 (Jaundice Unit).
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

#9 Ft. Leavenworth (KS), U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, ca. 1918-1919

Ulysses DeRosa (1892-?)
Papers (CDGA)
1 linear inch
DeRosa was a Quaker C.O. whose papers include one letter written while at Ft. Riley (Sept. 16, 1918) and his mss. autobiography "Odyssey of a WWI conscientious objector" (ca. 1980).
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Robert T. Dick
Papers, 1941-1993 (MsbMS 563 [by appointment only])
2 linear feet
Rev. Robert Tyrell Dick was an ordained Universalist Church minister. He was a C.O. in WWII, and was awarded the Adin Ballou Peace Award in Georgia in 1981. His papers include material re: his status as a C.O. and his participation in Civilian Public Service.
Contact: Andover-Harvard Theological Library, Harvard Divinity School

Draft Counseling and Information Center (Madison, Wis.)
Records, 1968-1974
1.2 cubic feet
This center was a volunteer draft counseling service, primarily operated by University of Wisconsin students. The collection includes counselor training material, statements to draft boards, C.O. claims, and a subject file. Missing are files on individual counselees.
Contact: Wisconsin Historical Society Archives

Draft Counseling Association
Records, 1969-1972 (MS. 4104)
0.2 linear feet
This counseling center was located in Cleveland (OH) and advised men of their legal rights within the draft registration process, and informed them of options and methods to avoid military service during the Vietnamese Conflict, including helping them to obtain C.O. status. The collection contains correspondence, pamphlets and draft counseling material.
Contact: Western Reserve Historical Society Archives/Library

Henry Drinker (1734-1809) and Elizabeth Sandwith Drinker (1734-1807)
Papers, 1777-1778 (Coll. no. 854)
1 box
In Sept. 1777, Henry Drinker refused to formally declare his loyalty to the United States government and as a result was taken prisoner (along with other prominent Philadelphia Quakers) and subsequently exiled to Winchester (VA), where he remained until April 1778. The correspondence between Henry and his wife, Elizabeth, relates to his arrest, imprisonment and resulting forced exile. His letters home discuss his physical, and in particular, spiritual well-being, his concern for the welfare of his children as well as news of other exiled Friends, and efforts to present their case before Pennsylvania. and Virginia authorities. Elizabeth Drinker's letters to her husband relate family and neighborhood news, Friends' visits and efforts on behalf of the exiles, as well as her constant concern for her husband.
Contact: Haverford College Library Special Collections

Arthur Dunham (1893-?) [link to finding aid itself does not currently work as of 12/03 because of a glitch in the Bentley web site, but by clicking this link you can go to the Bentley site; then choose Online Finding Aids (EAD) under Access to Collections; choose Simple Search and type in "Arthur Dunham" and then choose Full Text for the appropriate entry]
Papers, ca. 1900-1980 (85623 Aa/2)
32.2 linear feet
Dunham was a social worker in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, a professor of community organization at the University of Michigan, a pacifist imprisoned as a C.O. during WWI, and a founding member of the Ann Arbor Society of Friends. His memoir "Voices in the Wilderness" provides a narrative of his imprisonment at Ft. Riley and Ft. Leavenworth.
Contact: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

Mary Emma (Showalter) Eby (1913-2003)
Papers, 1935-1936, 1944-1952 (II-MS-22)
4 linear feet
Eby was a dietician for CPS Camp #4 at Grottoes (VA); she was provided with her room, board, furniture, medical care and a stipend of $40 a month. Her papers include correspondence, memorabilia, and a photocopy of her diary (Jan. 1 - April 19, 1944), kept while travelling to CPS camps as a consulting dietician, as well as a scrapbook -- called "Snatches of My Life at Grottoes, July 27, 1942 - 1944" -- which contains photographs of Eby, CPS personnel and the men who served at the camp, and camp buildings.
Contact: Menno Simons Historical Library and Archives, Eastern Mennonite University

J. Edgar Edwards [link to finding aid itself does not currently work as of 12/03 because of a glitch in the Bentley web site, but by clicking this link you can go to the Bentley site; then choose Online Finding Aids (EAD) under Access to Collections; choose Simple Search and type in "J. Edgar Edwards" and then choose Full Text for the appropriate entry]
Papers, 1938-1973 (85142 Aa/2)
5 linear feet
Edwards was a minister and the director of Guild House religious cooperative in Ann Arbor (MI). His papers include material about the teach-ins in 1965 & 1967 at the University of Michigan on the war in Vietnam, draft counseling, conscientious objection, and Students for a Democratic Society, etc.
Contact: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

#10 Group of C.O.s [cropped]; David (or Julius) Eichel on right, ca. 1918-1919

#11 Drawing of C.O. Esteban G. Caban of Puerto Rico by "Whitey" Matysik, Oct. 17, 1945

William Everson (1912-1994) [also known as Brother Antoninus]
Papers, ca. 1947-1970 (BANC MSS 75/5 c), 30 linear feet
Additional Papers, 1931-1995 (BANC MSS 82/1 c), 42.4 linear feet
Everson was a C.O. in WWII, and served at the Civilian Public Service camp in Waldport (OR). There he wrote poetry and became involved in the camp's fine arts printing venture called Untide Press. For some years a Dominican lay brother, he left the Order in 1969 to marry his third wife. By the time of his death, he was a world-famous poet. His papers include biographical information, correspondence, unpublished and published writings, hand printings of Everson's works, notebooks, and audiovisual material. See also the oral history interview of him conducted in 1968 (Regional Oral History Office: Catalogue I), as well as the imprint "Waldport: an interview with William Everson" by Guido Palandri (non-circulating; may be used only in The Bancroft Library).
Contact: Bancroft Library, The University of California, Berkeley

A-E | F-L | M-R | S-Z

Henry A. Fast (1894-1990)
Papers, 1936-1990 (MLA.MS.49)
39.15 cubic feet
Fast was a minister, high school teacher, and college professor who served in the Medical Corps in WWI, and worked for the General Conference Mennonite Church as its field secretary (1936-1940) and peace secretary (1940). He was the general director of the Mennonite CPS camps (1940-1943), and director of Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) service in Europe (1951-1953). He taught at Bethel College from 1943 until his retirement in 1961. His papers document his involvements with Mennonite CPS, MCC and NSBRO, as well as the activities of the historic peace churches in areas of peace, conscription, and CPS.
Contact: North Newton Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Fellowship of Reconciliation (U.S.)
Records, 1915- (DG 013)
170+ linear feet
The FOR had its origin in England a few months after the outbreak of the first World War; in 1915 a U.S. group was formed and is still in existence today. Much of the agenda of the FOR has been determined by the wars which have dominated the 20th century, with its principal focus on the prevention of war, supporting disarmament and arms control, and opposing conscription and the militarization of society. In wartime the FOR has worked extensively with C.O.s by providing counseling, help for dependents, special attention to men in prison or alternative civilian service, and help with legal assistance. War victims have been a special concern. Intervals between wars have afforded opportunities for working on social problems in an effort to reduce the causes of conflict. The collection includes meeting minutes, correspondence, project files, files of executive directors and other staffpersons, newsletters of the national office, regions and branches as well as other resources produced, and photographs.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Michael Ferber
Papers, 1967-1969 (CDGA)
1 linear inch
Ferber, part of the Resistance, turned in his draft card to William Sloane Coffin, Jr., who delivered it, along with 280 others, to the U.S. Justice Department in Oct. 1967. In Jan. 1968, Ferber was indicted on conspiracy charges, along with Coffin, Dr. Benjamin Spock, and others. Although declared guilty, the decision was reversed in the U.S. Court of Appeals in July 1969, on grounds that the "Boston 5" were denied a fair trial. He was supported by the Defense Committee. His papers include biographical information re: his activism and trial, a legal document for the U.S. Court of Appeals, and Ferber's writings.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Film Collection
Audiovisual, n.d. (film #70)
10-15 mins. [black & white, no sound]
This film records a visit to CPS [camp? office?] by Henry A. Fast; some footage is very dark.
Contact: North Newton Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Roy [Henry Le Roy] Finch
Papers, 1940-1969, 1990 (DG 195)
11 linear inches
Finch was a philosopher, a pacifist, and a C.O. in World War II. He served in Civilian Public Service Camp #37 (Coleville, CA) and at state hospitals in Trenton (NJ) and Williamsburg (VA). He was an editor of magazines, including Alternative and Liberation; involved with and then disassociated from the American Forum for Socialist Education; and affiliated with the Fellowship of Reconciliation and War Resisters League. His papers include correspondence, administrative files, flyers and handbills, minutes of meetings, newspaper clippings, and periodicals regarding pacifist and C.O. activities. Correspondents include Dave Dellinger, Sidney Lens, A.J. Muste, and Denny Wilcher.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

M. [Mary] Eleanor Fitzgerald (1877-1955)
Papers, 1915-1974 (UWM Manuscript Collection 13)
2.3 cubic feet
Papers of a Wisconsin labor advocate, political lecturer, and theatrical manager. Included are correspondence, passports and diaries, plays and programs, memorabilia, and photographs documenting Fitzgerald's activity in the anarchist/labor movement, the Provincetown Playhouse, and other theatrical companies. Through her involvement with the anarchist movement, Fitzgerald met Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, joining them in the publication of the Mother Earth Bulletin around 1906. During World War I (1914-1918) she turned her attention to the "political prisoners" -- the C.O.s. She raised money for their bail and defense and spoke in their behalf. She also co-edited The Blast: Revolutionary Labor Weekly at this time. She left the movement in 1918 when Goldman and Berkman were deported.
Contact: University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee, Division of Archives & Special Collections

#12 Ft. Leavenworth (KS), 7th Wing; caption "'Open' Cells In Tiers For the Better Type of Prisoners." The men are confined in this wing except when at work or at mess. They have no outdoor recreation, but may read, write, converse, and play checkers"

#13 Postcard produced by People's Freedom Union promoting amnesty for C.O.s, 1919

General Board of Church and Society of The United Methodist Church: Division of Human Relations and Economic Affairs
Records, 1950-1986
67 cubic feet
The General Board of Church and Society is the social concern agency for The United Methodist Church. The Division of Human Relations and Economic Affairs dealt with such issues as the denomination's stand on the economy, racism, and church-state relations. The Division's records contain material about C.O. David Teegarden (1971-1973), as well as a 1968 file on C.O.s.
Contact: General Commission on Archives and History of The United Methodist Church

General Board of Church and Society of the United Methodist Church: Division of World Peace
Records, 1928-1990
82 cubic feet
The General Board of Church and Society is the social concern agency for The United Methodist Church. The Division of World Peace dealt with such issues as the denomination's stand on war and the military, economic issues, and conscientious objection. The Division's records contain a rich mine of correspondence, subject files, and slides, etc. about C.O.s from WWII on, including information about Civilian Public Service.
Contact: General Commission on Archives and History of The United Methodist Church

General Conference Mennonite Church: Commission on Overseas Mission
Audiovisual (MLA.VII.A.4.h)
5 min. length [includes color and sound]
This film "If There Be Peace" is about a C.O. who becomes a draft counselor in Kansas. Presented by Mennonite Churches and Church of the Brethren; conceived by James Fairfield; directed by John Clayton; narrated by George Bassett. The end of the film is cut off.
Contact: North Newton Archives, Mennonite Church USA

General Conference Mennonite Church: Committee on Exemptions
Report to the Committee, 1917-1918 (MLA.I.L.1)
0.5 cubic feet
This series contains 1381 survey forms. Each GC Mennonite who registered for the draft was asked to fill out a form on which he could note his name, address and home church, and answer various questions about his draft and camp experience.
Contact: North Newton Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Gibas Family
Papers, 1939-1997 (P2356)
0.25 cubic feet
Andrew Gibas was born in Sept. 1913, and Grace Braden Gibas was born in Aug. 1916. The couple was married June 11, 1939 in Chicago. In early 1944, Andrew registered as a C.O. and was drafted into the Civilian Public Service camp at Wellston (MI). The family moved to Minneapolis when Andrew took a chemistry position with the experiment on starvation which was being conducted at the University of Minnesota. After his release from CPS, Andrew took a job as chemist for Grace-Lee Products and later for LaMaur. The Gibases were early experimenters in cooperative living, sharing households with two other families during the early 1940s in Chicago. In 1948, the family moved twelve miles from Minneapolis to the experimental cooperative community of Circle Pines. The collection includes information on CPS during World War II, C.O.s, and the Minnesota C.O. semi-starvation experiment, as well as newspaper publishing (the Gibases published the Circle Pines local newspaper, the Circulating Pines).
Contact: Minnesota Historical Society

#14 C.O.s outside guardhouse at Ft. Riley (KS) "awaiting court-martial," ca. 1918: (l-r) Morris Franklin, B. Stein, J. Brandon, G. Zeidler, F.K. Hennessey, F.K. Bru___

Harold S. Gray (1894-1972) [link to finding aid itself does not currently work as of 12/03 because of a glitch in the Bentley web site, but by clicking this link you can go to the Bentley site; then choose Online Finding Aids (EAD) under Access to Collections; choose Simple Search and type in "Harold S. Gray" and then choose Full Text for the appropriate entry]
Papers, 1896-1972 (851418 Aa2 Uam)
12.5 linear feet
Gray was a C.O. in WWI and in WWII, Professor of Economics at Central China University (1922-1926), and founder of the farming cooperative Saline Valley Farms (MI). His papers include diaries, notebooks, and other material from throughout his life. Of particular note is extensive correspondence that shows the development of his views toward war during his service with the YMCA in England (1916-1917), working with German prisons of war, and his subsequent refusal to serve in the American army which led to his imprisonment at Ft. Leaveworth and at Alcatraz. The papers also include material on the actions of other C.O.s, and attempts to free C.O.s from prison. Correspondents include Brent D. Allinson, Roger N. Baldwin, William Arthur Dunham, Sherwood Eddy, Ammon A. Hennacy, Frederick J. Libby, Erling H. Lunde, A.J. Muste, Kirby Page, John Nevin Sayre, Emma Mattoon Thomas, Evan W. Thomas, and Norman M. Thomas. See also the book about his C.O. experiences in WWI called Character "Bad" : the story of a conscientious objector, as told in the letters of Harold Studley Gray edited by Kenneth Irving Brown (available through interlibrary loan).
Contact: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

Harold Wallace Hackett Jr. (1921-1980)
Papers, 1942-1980 (711 GL, Special Collections Library)
112 items
Hackett served in CPS during WWII. His papers provide a description of his CPS experiences, as well as his life as a teacher in Japan, his visit to China in the 1940s, and his final illness.
Contact: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

Alice Hamilton (1869-1970)
Papers, 1909-1965 (A-22; A/H 217; Vt-34)
2 linear feet
Hamilton was a physician who was the first woman professor at Harvard University. She also served at Hull-House in Chicago (IL) and as a researcher of industrial poisons for the U.S. Dept. of Labor, among other roles. Her papers include published articles and/or speeches about conscientious objection.
Contact: Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute

Asa M. Hertzler (1889-1958)
Papers, ca. 1918-1919, in World War I Conscientious Objectors -- Private Papers Collection (II-MS-26)
1 folder
Hertzler was a Mennonite C.O. who went to France to work for the Friends Relief Service in Jan. - June 1919. His papers include his draft cards, passport and travel permit, postcard photographs of the Friends Mission building, soup kitchen and orphans in France, and photographs of Camp Lee (VA).
Contact: Menno Simons Historical Library and Archives, Eastern Mennonite University

Peter Cornelius Hiebert (1878-1963)
Papers, 1914-1958 (MLA.MS.037)
18.5 cubic feet
Hiebert was a pastor and college teacher who served for 33 years as Chair of the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), as well as in several Mennonite Brethren administrative posts. His papers contain documentation of CPS (1940-1948) and various MCC and Mennonite Brethren relief and resettlement projects.
Contact: North Newton Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Jerome Himelhoch (1916-2001)
Papers, 1930s-1990s (SL: 11/4/1)
41 boxes
Himelhoch taught sociology at several universities including NYU, Brandeis, Goddard College, and New College in Sarasota (FL) before joining the faculty of the University of Missouri-St. Louis in 1968 until his retirement in 1984. Himelhoch was active in the peace movement in the late 1930s while attending Harvard University. He served in the Army Medical Corps as a psychiatric social worker during World War II. The bulk of his papers contain sample data from his Vermont Youth Study in the late 1950s and early 1960s. There is one folder of letters to his wife, Myra, describing his induction and processing into the military during the late 1940s, his treatment as a C.O., and his observations of attitudes and customs in the military.
Contact: University of Missouri - St. Louis Archives

#15 Painting by George Hay, made while in west Texas in 1943 as a "pioneer member of CPS #98 - the Coast & Geodetic Survey group"

Wray Hoffman
Papers, 1917-1919 (CDGA)
1 volume hand-written diary
Hoffman was a Quaker C.O. in WWI, whose diary provides a detailed account of his conscription into the 304th Engineers at Camp Meade (MD) and his experiences there and in France and Belgium working for the Friends Bureau Office of the American Red Cross.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

C. Douglas Hostetter (1944- )
Papers, ca. 1960s-2000 (Hist. Mss. 1-718, 4-278, 6-235, 9-7, 10-3, 12-10)
Upon graduation from Eastern Mennonite College in 1966, Hostetter was immediately draft eligible. He was granted C.O. status by the local draft board in Harrisonburg (VA), and he volunteered to do his alternative service with Mennonite Central Committee in Vietnam as part of the PAX program, where he worked from July 1966 to June 1969. Hostetter's papers include draft cards and identity cards, journals, correspondence and photographs from this time period. Hostetter was Executive Secretary of the Fellowship of Reconciliation from 1987-1993, and later was their Interfaith/International Secretary. Besides his papers, photographs are also available.
Contact: Goshen Archives, Mennonite Church USA

John H. Howe (1913-1997)
Papers, 1925-1989 (N-14)
115 cubic feet
In 1932 Howe joined the Taliesin Fellowship of Frank Lloyd Wright, in Spring Green, Wisconsin, becoming a charter member of the Fellowship and apprentice to Mr. Wright. Howe was incarcerated at the federal prison in Sandstone, Minnesota during World War II for refusing to respond to his draft notice, claiming conscientious objector status. After his release in 1946, Howe rejoined Mr. Wright at Taliesin, and later working for the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation until 1967. Howe then moved to Minnesota and opened an office, which he maintained until his retirement in 1992. Howe's papers document his life's work as an architect; of particular note are the architectural drawings made while imprisoned at Sandstone, letters written and received while at Sandstone (see section of finding aid under "Personal Files, 1932-1992"), tape recordings of a broadcast interview with John Howe (1973), and an oral history (1989) covering his life and career.
Contact: Northwest Architectural Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries

William Reed Huntington (1907-1990)
Papers, 1930s-1970s (Coll. no 1181)
14 boxes; also 8 boxes and 5 scrapbooks in the pamphlet group file
Huntington served as a director of the Quaker United Nations office and was active in the American Friends Service Committee. In 1958, he was a crew member on the Golden Rule, sailing into the South Pacific to protest atomic testing there by the U.S. In WWII, he was co-director of CPS Camp #46 (Big Flats NY). He was the founder of Conscience Bay (NY) Meeting. He was concerned with Soviet/American relations in the critical period 1947-1954. His papers relate to the ship Golden Rule; church and war conferences in Algeria, 1949-1950; QUNP / AFSC disarmament work in the 1960s; and C.O.s and CPS. Only a preliminary finding aid is available.
Contact: Haverford College Library Special Collections.

Illinois Oral History Collections
Oral histories (tapes, transcriptions, memoirs, collateral files), 1971-1991
These interviews were conducted by students in Collum Davis' oral history classes at Sangamon State University. They include interviews with WWII C.O.s.
Contact: University of Illinois at Springfield Archives / Special Collections

International Voluntary Service
Records, 1952-1996 (XI-14)
11 boxes
Many C.O.s in the 1950s and 1960s did their I-W service through IVS.
Contact: Goshen Archives, Mennonite Church USA

I-W [1-W] Service
Records, 1951-1958 (MLA.V.21)
1 cubic feet [unprocessed]
This collection includes I-W sponsors' manuals issued by the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) and the Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities; meeting minutes of the I-W Planning and Evaluation Conference at Elkhart (IN) in April 9-10, 1957; and, periodic listings by MCC of additions, changes and releases of I-W men at sponsoring institutions.
Contact: North Newton Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Harold G. Johnson (1915- )
Interview, 1992 (SC 2365; Tape 1297A)
0.1 cubic feet (transcript of interview) and 2 tape recordings
This interview of Hal Johnson was conducted on June 25, 1992 and focuses on his memories of WWII, including his attempt to gain C.O. status, his eventual deferment to work on penicillin with a chemical company, his brothers' experiences seeking C.O. status (one of them went to prison), and his affiliation with the Christadelphians.
Contact: Wisconsin Historical Society Archives

Sylvester Jones (1875-1949)
Papers, 1941 (SC 30)
Jones was a Quaker pastor, missionary in Cuba, and businessman in Chicago (IL). His diary, kept from March 12 to Oct. 17, 1941, concerns his work as director of Civilian Public Service for the central region. Also included are newsclippings about CPS and the establishment of work camps for C.O.s.
Contact: Arthur and Kathleen Postle Archives and Friends Collection, Earlham College

#16 WWI C.O.s: Morris Trasken (left), John Bertolet (top), William Kantor (center), Harry Clave (right)

William Marx Kantor (1893-?)
Papers, ca. 1917-1920 (CDGA)
2.5 linear inches
Kantor, born of Russian Jewish parents in Philadelphia (PA), became a socialist and an absolutist C.O. to World War I. He was imprisoned for his pacifist convictions and became acquainted with members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers); Kantor eventually became a convinced Friend himself. His imprisonment sites included Camp Meade, Fort Jay, Fort Leavenworth, and Alcatraz, from which he was dishonorably discharged in 1919. His papers include his draft card, regulation booklets, meal passes, notices re: incarceration, and dishonorable discharge at Ft. Leavenworth and Alcatraz prisons; his manuscripts "Horrors of Alcatraz" (1920), "Conscientious Objection" (1920), "A Conscientious Objector is Born," "Memoirs of a World War One Conscientious Objector," and "Journal of a Modern Convinced Friend"; and, reference material on conscientious objection, as well as postcards from U.S. War Prison Camp, C.O. Internment, Fort Douglas (UT).
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Roy C. Kepler
Papers, 1940-1985 (DG 185)
6.25 linear feet
Kepler was a radical pacifist; a C.O. during WWII, during which he was active in political organizing in Civilian Public Service camps; owner of a paperback bookstore in Berkeley (CA); worked with draft resisters during the Vietnamese Conflict; a founder of the Pacifica Foundation and public radio in Berkeley (CA); and active with the War Resisters League, particularly West Coast branches; also with the Peacemakers, the Committee for Nonviolent Action, the Institute for the Study of Nonviolence, the Third Camp, and other groups advocating nonviolent social change. His papers include correspondence, manuscripts, minutes of meetings, newspaper clippings, periodicals, reference files, photographs, posters, and audiocassettes.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Jesse Kersey (1768-1845)
Papers, 1817 (Misc. Mss. 1817 8mo 5)
Letter, dated Aug. 5, 1817, to Samuel Bettle, Clerk of the Yearly Meeting, inquiring about the course to be pursued by urban Friends concerning conscientious rights and likely reactions of civil authorities.
Contact: Friends Historical Library

John Culber King (1920- )
Papers, 1945-1947
King was a C.O. during WWII; his papers consist mostly of correspondence between him and his wife, Jean, while he was imprisoned at Danbury (CT). This collection has restrictions.
Contact: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

Lloy A. Kniss (1897-1979)
Papers, 1918-1919, 1971, in World War I Conscientious Objectors -- Private Papers Collection (II-MS-26)
1 folder
Kniss was a Mennonite C.O. whose papers include his draft cards, induction notice and honorable discharge, a photograph of Kniss and other C.O.s [at Camp Sherman? (OH)], and his published memoir I Couldn't Fight: the Story of a C.O. in World War I (1971).
Contact: Menno Simons Historical Library and Archives, Eastern Mennonite University

Dennis Koehn (1952- )
Papers, 1970-1972, 1989 (MLA.MS.137)
0.45 cubic feet
Koehn, a graduate of New High School (KS) in 1970, refused to register with the Selective Service System on his 18th birthday. His papers include material resulting from his trials in the District Court and the Court of Appeals in 1972. Koehn was convicted and sentenced to the Federal Youth Center (Englewood, CO), where he served an 18 month sentence.
Contact: North Newton Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Henry Peter Krehbiel (1862-1940)
Papers, 1872-1940 (MLA.MS.12; MLA MF MSS 169)
21.6 cu. ft., 1 reel of positive microfilm
Krehbiel was a farmer, businessman, and minister who began publication of several Mennonite newspapers. During WW I he served on the Exemption Committees of the General Conference Mennonite Church and its Western District Conference. Later he was involved in refugee resettlement, the conferences of Historic Peace Churches, and the Peace Committee of the General Conference Mennonite Church. These papers document the activities of the Mennonite Exemption Committees in negotiating with the federal government, supporting Mennonite C.O.s, advocating better treatment of C.O.s by Army and prison officials, and corresponding with individual C.O.s.
Contact: North Newton Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Virgil H. Kruel (1918- )
Papers, 1941-1990 (FMS 68)
Kruel was a C.O. during WWII. His papers contain correspondence, pamphlets, forms and other material that document his experiences as a C.O. and his service in Civilian Public Service from 1943 to 1946.
Contact: Arthur and Kathleen Postle Archives and Friends Collection, Earlham College

#17 Letter to Frances Witherspoon, of the New York Bureau of Legal Advice, from Mrs. Anna Zeidler, 1918 (written in a mixture of German and English) [click here to read full letter]

Frieda Langer Lazarus (1898-1968)
Papers, 1932-1949 [part of Schwimmer-Lloyd Collection]
2.2 linear feet
This collection consists of correspondence and printed matter relating to Lazarus' work on behalf of C.O.s and other anti-war efforts.
Contact: New York Public Library, Humanities and Social Science Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division

Josiah Woodward Leeds (1841-1908)
Scrapbooks, 1872-1907 (Coll. no. 1102)
22 volumes
Josiah Leeds joined the Society of Friends in 1870. He was the author of numerous tracts and was active in his opposition to what he perceived as damaging to the public welfare. In 1877, he published a United States history textbook notable for its lack of battle illustrations. Some areas of interest to Leeds included temperance work, peace, crime, prison reform and the abolition of the death penalty, plain attire, simplicity of worship and legislation to control "vice."
Contact: Haverford College Library Special Collections

Alfred H. Love (1830 1913)
See: Universal Peace Union (DG 038) listed below; Series 2 includes Love's 1848-1912 diaries [on microfilm reels 13:-11-18]; also one box of personal items, correspondence, passport, photographs, etc. When drafted in 1863, Love refused to serve in the Union army or to pay for a substitute to go in his place. He also did not allow his woolen commission business to sell goods in support of the war effort. As a result, his business suffered, and he also endured criticism from those who found his absolutist pacifism too uncompromising. He was one of the founders of the Universal Peace Union in 1866; he edited its periodicals, as well as served as its president until his death.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Harold Ludwig (1921- )
Interview, 1992 (SC 1422; Tape 1299A)
0.1 cubic feet (transcript of interview; 2 tape recordings)
This interview was conducted on July 21, 1992, and focuses on Ludwig's experiences as a C.O. in WWII. He discusses his upbringing in a Jewish neighborhood on Chicago (IL); the influence of Socialist thought on his beliefs and attitudes; the effect of being a C.O. on his family and the Jewish community; his service in a Civilian Public Service camp in Maryland and after at a state mental hospital in Connecticut, and other C.O.s he met.
Contact: Wisconsin Historical Society Archives

Erling H. Lunde
Papers, 1918-1976 (CDGA)
1 linear inch
Erling Lunde was imprisoned as an absolutist C.O. during WWI. Through his correspondence with his father, Theodore H. Lunde, atrocities against imprisoned C.O.s, including fatalities, were publicized. His papers include correspondence and booklets, as well as the published record of his courts-martial "Defense of Erling H. Lunde: conscientious objector to war, made before a court martial at Camp Funston, Kansas, October 15, 1918."
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Alice Niles Lynd & Staughton Lynd
Papers, 1965-1971 (DG 099)
10.25 linear feet
Alice Niles Lynd and Staughton Lynd were Quakers, authors, and activists in the civil rights and peace movements, who have worked individually and together on many labor and pacifist projects. Alice Lynd, draft counselor, nursery school teacher, and writer, worked with the American Friends Service Committee and directed day care and health center projects in Chicago (IL). Staughton Lynd (b. 1929), historian and community organizer, taught at Spelman College and Yale University. He directed freedom schools during the Mississippi Summer Project (1964) and was chairman of the first march against the Vietnam War in Washington (DC) on April 17, 1965. Later that year he visited Hanoi, North Vietnam. He graduated from law school in 1976, then practiced labor law. Their papers contain scattered correspondence (1965-1971), mss. drafts and revisions of publications written by the Lynds, subject files, statements and articles by C.O.s, C.O. case files and counseling manuals, newsletters, articles, newsclippings, and sound recordings. Materials relating to the writings and publication of We Won't Go by Alice Lynd, and The Resistance by Michael Ferber and Staughton Lynd, form a substantial part of the collection. Correspondents include Paul Bert Denison, Richard Dodge, Stanley Faulkner, Larry Gara, Ann Fagan Ginger, Carl Haessler, David Hartsough, Francis Heisler, Bradford Lyttle, Thomas Rodd, F. Paul Salstrom, Jeffrey Shero, and Arlo D. Tatum. There are some restrictions for this collection.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

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Maryland State Assembly
Records [online]
A search of the Archives of Maryland Online using the term "conscientious" brought up numerous references to persons who could not conscientiously bear arms in debates and laws from 1750-1867. See http://search2.mdarchives.state.md.us/
Contact: Archives of Maryland Online

#18 Seven WWI C.O.s on a sawhorse: Stine, Watts, Strosbaugh, Horlacher, Johnson, Russell Keadle, "Big Fritz" Gerhart

John H. McCandless (1920-1990)
Papers, 1944-1988 (RecGrp RG5/205)
11 linear feet
McCandless was a Quaker C.O. in WWII, who opened his own printing press in 1958. He authored numerous books and articles, and was involved in New Call to Peacemaking, the Faith & Life Movement, and the Friends Consultation on Membership. His papers include personal items as well as the records of the Hemlock Press.
Contact: Friends Historical Library

Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute
Records: Anti-War Collections, 1954-1974
Series 5 includes draft counseling material, case files of the West Coast Lawyers Selective Service Panel, and case files of C.O.s.
Contact: Bancroft Library, The University of California, Berkeley

Mennonite Central Committee, 1920-
Records, 1918-2002 (IX)
Over 1,000 linear feet
MCC was begun in 1918 as a relief organization for the Mennonite Church, but it has since also done much work on peace and social justice issues. Its records include material about the Civilian Public Service camps administered by MCC (1941-1947) and the I-W program for C.O.s during the Korean Conflict and the Vietnamese Conflict which MCC oversaw. MCC has continued to support C.O.s through to the present. Documentation for MCC's work with C.O.s can be found in such series as Correspondence (1931-1989), Reports (1931-1984), Minutes (1920-1990), and Photographs (1919-1989).
Contact: Goshen Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Mennonite Church, Peace Problems Committee
Records, 1917- (I-3-5)
75 boxes
This committee was established in 1917 to meet with authorities in Washington to work out procedures for men who wished to be C.O.s during WWI, and to respond to the various problems and abuse suffered by C.O.s stationed in army camps. In 1935-1947, it worked with other historic peace churches to establish Civilian Public Service. In 1953 it helped to set up policies for C.O.s and provided pastoral services for I-W men. Thereafter, it was involved in many activities to promote peace and social justice. Its records include a vast amount of correspondence and other material that document the Committee's work through the years.
Contact: Goshen Archives, Mennonite Church USA

Merion Preparative Meeting of Friends [Hicksite] (1827-1951)
Records, 1940-1943 (RecGrp RG2/Ph/M47)
1 folder
This collection consists of reports & correspondence concerning conscientious objection in Merion Friends Meeting (PA) during WWII.
Contact: Friends Historical Library

Metropolitan Board for Conscientious Objectors
Records, 1940-1980 (DG 060)
7.5 linear feet
This Board, located in New York City, served as a non-sectarian free advisory service for C.O.s in WWII to provide counseling and legal aid in metropolitan New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. It was established by the United Pacifist Committee in 1940 and disbanded in 1980. Its records include meeting minutes, correspondence, case records and visitor files, legal papers, policy statements, organizational literature, information on strikes at Civilian Public Service camps, and phonotapes. Box 26 has restrictions until Jan. 01, 2015.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Michigan Fellowship of Reconciliation
Records, 1940-1957 (851326 Bj 2)
2 linear feet
The collection contains correspondence, printed material, and other papers from the files of the editors of the Michigan F.O.R. News, largely related to the peace movement and the problem of conscientious objection. Correspondents include A.J. Muste, Scott Nearing, Wallace F. Nelson, Martin Niemoller, Bayard Rustin, John Nevin Sayre, Rebecca Shelley and John M. Swomley.
Contact: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

Midwest Committee for Military Counseling
Records, 1977-1995 (DG 187)
1.75 linear feet
Founded in 1976 as an outgrowth of the Midwest Office of the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (which had closed in 1976) and its predecessor, the Midwest Committee for Draft Counseling; provided counseling, training sessions and public education; worked with counselors, attorneys, community groups and religious bodies on behalf of potential recruits to the military and people on active military duty; ceased operation in 1995 or 1996. Its records include correspondence, administrative files, flyers and handbills, minutes of meetings, newspaper clippings, publicity materials, reference files, memorabilia, audiocassettes, slides, reel-to-reel tapes, videocassettes, photographs, and posters.
Contact: Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Ernest H. Miller (1889-1973)
Papers, 1919, 1921, 1958-1959, 1972 in World War I Conscientious Objectors -- Private Papers Collection (II-MS-26)
2 folders
Miller was a Mennonite C.O. at Camp Funston (KS) and Camp Lee (VA); he was sentenced to prison at Ft. Leavenworth, but only served 19 days before he was discharged. In 1919-1921, he served with the American Committee for Relief in the Near East. His papers include a letter from Robert Fox, whom Miller had seen while Fox was in solitary confinement at Ft. Leavenworth; passport and papers re: relief work; his mss. memoir "Experiences of a C.O. in World War I" (1972); and several items re: 1958-1959 reunions of WWI C.O.s.
Contact: Menno Simons Historical Library and Archives, Eastern Mennonite University

Ernest E. Mills (1917- )
Papers, 1941-1986 (FMS 38)
Mills was a Quaker businessman and farmer in Henry County (IN). His papers contain material on genealogy, his efforts to obtain C.O. status during WWII, and his and his parents' peace work in Indiana Yearly Meeting.
Contact: Arthur and Kathleen Postle Archives and Friends Collection, Earlham College

Adam H. Mumaw (1888-1974)
Papers, 1918-1919, ca. 1960s-1974, in World War I Conscientious Objectors -- Private Papers Collection (II-MS-26)
1 folder
Mumaw was a married Mennonite C.O. at Camp Zachary Taylor (KY), where he was mistreated for his stance, and then discharged in Jan. 1918. His papers include a published booklet of the names of C.O.s at Camp Taylor in 1918; his order of induction, draft cards and discharge; and variations of his memoir re: being a C.O. (ca. 1960s-1974).
Contact: Menno Simons Historical Library and Archives, Eastern Mennonite University

John R. Mumaw (1904-1993)
Presidential Papers, 1941-1969 (II-B-4)
36 linear feet
Mumaw was a minister and the President of Eastern Mennonite School/College. His papers in this collection include correspondence to/from/about C.O.s and their problems with Selective Service, particularly men enrolled at the time at Eastern Mennonite School/College, 1941-1948 [see box 2].
Contact: Menno Simons Historical Library and Archives, Eastern Mennonite University

John R. Mumaw (1904-1993)
Papers, 1923-1982 (I-MS-37)
19.5 feet
Mumaw was a minister and the President of Eastern Mennonite School/College. His personal papers collection includes a folder of correspondence regarding the possibility of EMC hiring I-W men in 1952-1953 and 1959 [see box 2].
Contact: Virginia Mennonite Conference